Situational leadership another theory of leadership ties the leaders behavior to hisher understanding of what the situation requires. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Exercise 21 is intended to help elucidate the difference between theory x and theory y. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management.
Developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise. Theory x and y were created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Theory y shows the democratic and supportive leadership styles in the organization. Theory x y is a leadership model that was postulated by douglas mcgregor 1960 in his book the human side of enterprise. Theory y shared similarities with the human relations movement, n. Management consists of the planning, prioritizing, and organizing work efforts to accomplish objectives within a business organization. In the 1960s, social psychologist douglas mcgregor developed two contrasting theories that explained how managers beliefs about what motivates their people. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor proposed two distinct views of human beings.
Theory x and theory y thinking and leadership are not strictly an amer. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to. Theory x proposes that people inherently lack the motivation and desire for responsibility and need to be closely supervised, directed, and tightly. That history will explain why theory y s view of human nature is incomplete. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to assemble the factors of production, including people. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s.
This chapter explored leadership theories and suggested ways you. In such systems, there is usually little chance of employee career growth. The results indicated that the theory y management style related positively to affective commitment and lmx. Articulate committed decisive determined leadership is a process in whic educated energetic integrity. Management professor douglas mcgregor later created theory x and theory y, two. In summary, theory x managers differed from theory y managers about the. Douglas mcgregor then arrived at the conclusion that the style of leadership depends on the. Theory y, on the other hand, states that work is natural. It was with this material, in which he introduced what came to be called the management style, theory x and theory y which have been used in human resource department to understand organizational behavior and communication and development. Douglas mcgregors theory x vs theory y lucidchart blog. Often, the formal leader is appointed by the organization to serve in a. In a nutshell, theory x states that people inherently dislike their jobs, see them as a necessary evil, are unmotivated, and must be externally controlled throughout the day by coercion, direction, or threat of punishment. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work.
Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to be told what to do. X and consider using the techniques suggested by theory y. Theory into practice abraham maslow viewed mcgregor as a mentor. Theory x and theory y introduction leadership in organizations requires understanding of human behaviour in order to be effective. Crosscultural leadership, motivation and decision making. Leadership is at the heart of what seems to make things happen in groups. May 15, 2017 the major distinct disadvantage of theory x and theory y is that they are put forward as challenging sets of assumptions a supervisor is either motivated by theory x or by theory y.
Leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Paul hersey and kenneth blanchard developed the theory of situational leadership. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Theory x and theory y are part of motivational theories. In a classic study, mcgregor discussed two leadership styles, theory x and theory y, which are appropriate for different types of organizations. Theory x based leadership is better employed in organizations where workers do manual or routine work, so that the results are tangible and standardized. Theory x says that the average human being is lazy and selfcentred, lacks ambition, dislikes change, and longs to. Rob hyronsdollar photo club leadership styles are determined by the ways in which a leader perceives those under him and the assumptions he holds about human behavior. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Dec 02, 2020 in 1960, douglas mcgregor developed a leadership theory mcgregor theory x and theory y about organization and management in which he represented two opposing perceptions about people. A brief introduction to motivation theory teamwork quotes, leader quotes.
However, the literature has a limited number of studies concerning organizational performance of small and medium businesses, even less research on the impact on organizational performance of theory x and theory y type leadership styles. Chapter 5 contemporary theories of motivation integrating. Management assumes employees may be ambitious and selfmotivatedand exercise selfcontrol. Both of these theories begin with the premise that managements role is to. These people are generally uncomfortable in x theory situations and are. A management style is the particular way managers go about accomplishing these objectives. Clearly, a theory y approach sounds more appealing but, in fact, different members of one team might benefit from different management approaches, depending on the situation.
Mcgregors work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. This psychological concept proposed that how one viewed human relationships to those of an enterprise determined their style of management. Theory x and theory y also have implications in military command and control c2. What blind spots can a theory y leader have when dealing with others. Small business owners in the sishane lighting and chandelier district. Theory x the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Evaluating mcgregors theory as an approach to management. He referred to these two perceptions as theory x and theory y. He proposed his theory at a time when corporations were run in the topdown style and were loosing the competitive edge in. Professor douglas mcgregor highlighted that there is a significant relationship between motivation and leadership among people. Generally, theory x style managers believe their employees are.
Effective nurse leaders use leadership theory and principles to guide their. Theory y theory y managers role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals. Theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise published in 1960 has examined theories on behavior of individuals at work, and he has formulated two models which he calls theory x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of understanding the. Apr 03, 20 leadership style and organizational performance have been researched extensively. Motivation, theory x and y, classroom, management manager and organisation introduction douglas mcgregor, an american social psychologist, proposed his famous theory x and y in his book the human side of enterprise in 1960. Theory x and y was developed by douglas mcgregor, a social psychologist in 1960.
Douglas mcgregor described theory x and y leadership styles in his 1967 book, the human side of enterprise. Section iii appling theory x, theory y, and theory xy with restaurants in. His successor was an individual whom he had sent to the leadership development program. Theory x and theory y which describes the behavior of workers in organisation. French and raven provide us with a useful typology that identifies the. Theory x and theory y thinking and leadership are not strictly an american. Population and instrumentation the population consisted of 150 schools that had at least one principal. According to theory y, when conditions are favorable, the individual finds work appealing and is highly motivated at need levels maslows hierarchy of needs. Application of theory x and y in classroom management by.
The new director continues the practice of sending her staff through the leadership program. In his 1960 management book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor made his mark on the history of organizational management and motivational psychology when he proposed the two theories by which managers perceive employee motivation. Dec 02, 2020 david rooke is an american leadership guru and cofounder of harthill consulting, which specialises in developing leadership within organisations. Theory x and theory y are descriptions of two extreme managerial styles.
In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. And the most lauded skills, especially in leadership, lie in the ability to connect seemingly disparate ideas and communicate those ideas clearly. These two theories describe two very different leadership styles toward workforce motivation. Theory x and theory y allocate the job of management into two styles and, just like your algebra class, x and y dont work totally independently, although you can manage in a style that is mostly a theory x or theory y management style. Supervision according to theory x, people lack selfmotivation and they need to be continuously. By examining the effect of leaders theory x and y managerial. Theory x and theory y are wellresearched leadership principles. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y. Torbert is an american professor whose fields includes behaviour within organisations.
Dec 04, 2020 theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. Theory x can benefit a work place that utilizes an assembly line or manual. Theory x can benefit a work place that utilizes an assembly line or manual labor. Pdf effective school principals should understand and. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and. While theory x managers may be suited for some processdriven organizations, a more practical management style today is that of a theory y thinker. Nov 10, 2020 developed in the 1960s by douglas mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise. Mcgregors theory x and theory y describe two different sets of assumptions about the. International journal of recent research aspects issn.
Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of. He was a strong supporter of theories x and y, and he put theory y that people want to work, achieve and take responsibility into practice in a californian electronics factory. Mcgregor proposed theory y assumptions about human nature as an alternative to theory x. Managers should direct workers efforts, motivate them, control their actions and. For this study, however, the information about theory x male principals was used only in a comparison situation with theory y female principals. Douglas mcgregor introduced theory x and theory y in 1957. Workers are committed and can work independently without direction to achieve. Situational leadership the center for leadership studies. Aug 05, 2019 theory x assumes that there is a centralization of authority and very tight control over the employees, but theory y says that the authority should be decentralized and that should be leniency in control. A study of theory xtheory y managerial attitudes and attitudes.
However, commentators and practitioners have often misinterpreted his ideas to assume exactly that. The trick is to be aware of your assumptions and to adapt your management style, so that all members of your team can benefit. He summarized the findings of the hawthorn experiment by introducing both theory x and theory y. Jun 30, 2016 organizational behaviour in the context of people management consists of several theories in which theory x, theory y, theory z are the newly introduced. However, modern revisions including contingency theorists argue that theory y is not essentially a progressive alternative to a dull theory x. Feb 23, 2017 theory y assumes that people are innovative and creative in all aspects. Many have categorized theory x as an autocratic type of leadership and theory y as democratic style. The mediating effect of leadermember exchange on the. Leadership theories free essay sample new york essays. French and raven provide us with a useful typology that identifies the sources and. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor that any leader should find a spot between the two and set up camp. In this essay i will elaborate more on the douglas mcgregors theory x and y as well as how the theory has added value in the methods of the management that managers today use to reach organizational goals. Advantages and disadvants of theory x and theory y.
Theory z william ouchi during the 1970s, when japanesestyle management was all the rage, william ouchi, took the theory x, theory y concept one step further. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive shapers of themselves and of their. Mcgregors calls his idea as theory x y to propose that there are two major attitudes in people management. Older, strictly hierarchical conceptions of c2, with narrow centralization of decision rights, highly constrained patterns of interaction, and limited information distribution tend to arise from cultural and organizational assumptions compatible with theory x. Leadership style theory x shows the autocratic leadership styles in the organization. In his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. The implementation of theory x and theory y managements in. The notion of leadership has a long history in the administrative sciences and in popular management writings. It is believed that employees enjoy their work as natural as play and rest.
He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Introduction cont, is based upon maslows hierarchy of needs, in. Generally, employees return the benefits they receive fr om emplo y er with. Pdf on mar 16, 2018, radhika kapur published leadership theories and practices find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. It encompasses the way they make decisions, how they plan and organize work, and how they exercise authority. Pdf purpose the purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of leaders. Theory x and theory y to pick the best management style. The first being theory y mangers and theory x managers waddell, jones, george 2010, p. Differences between theory x and theory y difference between. Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs whici are in a hierarchical order that prevents people from being motivated. While theory x managers may be suited for some processdriven organizations, a more practical management style today is that of a theory y. In 2005, they wrote the book seven transformations of leadership together.
Leadership traits include physical or background traits, personal or ability traits andor task or social traits such as. When douglas mcgregor first published his seminal work the human side of enterprise, he probably didnt expect to start an argument that would still be raging 50 years after his death. First, there has been a failure to distinguish between theory x y attitudes and theory x y behaviors. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Challenges and limitations of theory x and theory y motivation. Theory x gives importance to supervision, while theory y stresses on rewards and recognition.
Mcgregors calls his idea as theory x y to propose that there are two major attitudes in. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Understand personal leadership characteristics, traits, and attributes. Ranging from japanese fusion, japanese bbq, french, italian cuisine, hot pots. The dependent variable was satisfaction of the management style. In his theory about management attitudes at two opposite poles mcgregors theory x and theory y, he never intended to indicate that x was bad and y good, nor. In this case, the employees have to be forced, controlled, or reprimanded in order for the organization to meet its goals and objectives.
In general, theory x style managers believe their employees are less. Ouchi was born and educated in america, but was of japanese descent. Theory x and theory y of motivation explain with examples. As opposed to it, y based leadership makes more sense in organizations where creativity and teamwork are essential. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact on organizational performance. The three prior studies that have made this distinction were recently conducted solely to develop constructvalid measures of both. Maslow states that people are motivated by unmet needs which are in a hierarchical order that prevents us from being motivated by a need area unless all lower level needs have been met. The two theories proposed by mcgregor describe contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in human resource management, organizational. Theory x and y is about managers beliefs about people and attitudes, which then translates into ways they choose to motivate their employees. However, the theory x management style had no relationships with either lmx or affective commitment.
Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. As an alternative, theory x y leadership model will be discussed in this paper. Included in this collection is the classification by french and raven of the bases. It is important to note that both theory x and theory y are based on the argument that there are specific approaches to managing people based on their traits.
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