When it is mixed with air, the spores are highly flammable and are used to create dust explosions as theatrical special effects. Jun 24, 2014 3 important uses of lycopodium spore powder 1. Lycopodium spore method, stomatal number, stomatal index, palisade ratio, veinislet number, and veinterminationnumber. To determine percentage purity by lycopodium spore method 10. Determination of number of starch grains by lycopodium spore. Scope and limitations of plant drugs cultivation, factors influencing quality of plant and animal drugs cultivation, importance of pharmacognosy. They are very light possessing thin exine formed of concentric lamellae, and a granular intine. Historical development, modern concept and scope of pharmacognosy. This way lycopodium is similar to most of the ferns and equisetum. Based on this, lustner 1898 classified the spores into three types.
It is basically a fine pale yellow powder, which is odorless and tasteless. Modified lycopodium spore method is an important analytical technique for powdered drug, especially when other methods of evaluation of crude drugs fail as. Find out number of starch grains by lycopodium spore methods. Lycopodium spores are very characterized in shape and appearance and uniform in size25. Text book of pharmacognosy, text book of organic chemistry of natural product. Determination of percentage purity of crude drugs by using lycopodium spore method. Water tracing in tropical regions, the use of fluorometric. We hope students will appreciate this book as resource for appropriate subject knowledge and aid to gain good marks in the examination. Lycopodium spores are very characteristic in shape and appearance and exceptionally uniform in size 25 mm.
Two very different circumscriptions of the genus are in use. Determination of moisture content of crude drugs 10. Dispersal of erysiphe graminis and lycopodium clavatum spores. Fluorescence analysis physical evaluation of plant drug. It includes quantitative microscopy like lycopodium spore method, leaf constants, linear measurements, etc. They are very light possessing thin exine formed of concentric lamellae, and a. Scope and limitations of plant drugs cultivation, factors influencing quality of plant and animal drugs cultivation, importance of pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry, current good. Among them may be mentioned the lycopodiumsinnundatum, complanatum, and annotinumof linnaeus. Phar 2202 l exercise 8 extraction of alkaloids alkaloids are a group of naturallyoccurring organic compounds containing one or more nitrogen atoms, frequently in heterocyclic ring, and usually possessing a marked physiological action on man or on animals. In the pteridophyte phylogeny group classification of 2016 ppg i, lycopodium is one of nine genera in the subfamily lycopodioideae, and has from 9 to 15. Quantitative microscopy lycopodium spore method this is an important technique employed in identification of crude drug when chemical and physical methods are inapplicable. An alkaloid lycopodine c 32 h 52 n 2 o 3 was obtained from l. Lycopodium powder is a yellowtan dustlike powder, consisting of the dry spores of clubmoss plants, or various fern relatives. Introduction to pharmacology definition, scope and source of drugs, dosage form and routes of drug administration.
F ull l ength o riginal r esearch p aper international journal of. Syllabus pharmacognosy and phytochemistryi theory b. Method of digging, preparation of beds, type of beds, seeds and sowing germination, vigour. Pharmacokineticsmechanism and principle of absorption, distribution, metabolism and. Curriculum pharmacognosy and phytochemistryi practical. Involved evaluation and standardization techniques for crude drugs, mono or polyherbal frormulation. Fifty years of quantitative microscopy in pharmacognosy. Quantitative microscopy, including lycopodium spore method as applied to drug evaluation and pollen grain analysis. Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method. Dispersal of erysiphe graminis and lycopodium clavatum. Unfortunately, the results again proved to be negative. At the end of the practical student should be able to demonstrate the lycopodium spore method. The spores are obtained from the ripened strobiles by shaking the fruiting tops on cloths, and the extraneous matter is removed by sifting. Lycopodium spores are very characteristic in shape and appearense and exceptionally uniform in size25m.
Lycopodium is a yellowtan dust like powder historically used as a flash powder. It is composed of the dry spores of clubmoss plants. The objects of uniform thickness, the length of which can be measured, and actual area calculated. Determination of number of starch grains by lycopodium spore method. Lupton noted the necessity of adjusting the relative number of spores. Determination of extractive values of crude drugs 9. Experimental pharmacognosy and phytochemistry request pdf. Principle and procedure involved in biological test of the following.
The architecture of the outer layer is highly variable. Unitii 10 hours cultivation, collection, processing and storage of drugs of natural origin. On an average, 94000 spores per mg of powdered lycopodium are present. Oct 07, 2017 photos of a, b the black ceramic spheres. Mix a weighed amount of airdry powder of the drug and a weighed amount of lycopodium spores in a small watch glass 100 mg drug and 50 mg lycopodium spores. Determination of number of starch grains by lycopodium spore method 7. Ash values purity of the raw material can be analysed by determining the. Volatile matter mostly the volatile matter present in the raw material can be estimated by steam distillation. To calibrate eyepiece micrometer by stage micrometer 12. Apr 01, 2021 gpat question papers 2022 national testing agency nta is the competent authority to release the gpat 2022 question papers and answer key at gpat. General introduction to the importance of pharmacognosy in herbal drug industry. Pharmacognosy and phythochemistryi thakur publication pvt ltd.
Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leafconstants. Pharm degree is the basic prerequisite for registration to practice as a pharmacist in many countries. Soon after liberation from the sporangium they are tetrahedral in shape. Quantitative microscopy of crude drugs including lycopodium spore method, leafconstants, camera lucida and diagrams of microscopic objects to scale with camera lucida. Estimating spore release rates using a lagrangian stochastic. Plant spores from the species lycopodium clavatum fig. The determination of quantitative values, fluorescence analysis and the use of lycopodium spore analysis has specifically contributed to this differentiation. Physicochemical properties of sorghum starch were determined by comparing the polarization effects with those of potato and maize starches. To perform powder microscopic evaluation of given crude drug 11. Determination of swelling index and foaming recommended books. Germination of spores of the lycopodiaceae in axenic culture. This powder can float very well in cool water, but sinks in boiling water. This practical manual has been especially by according to new syllabus prescribed for b.
Determination of moisture content, foreign organic. Method of digging, preparation of beds, type of beds, seeds and sowing germination, vigour viability, longevity. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry scheme of study and. Jul 01, 2001 lycopodium spores were artificially released simultaneously from two line sources located at two heights above the ground in a wheat canopy. Request pdf experimental pharmacognosy and phytochemistry contents chapter 1. Introduction of pharmacognosy classification of drugs. Lycopodium clavatum spores were released in the same crop from a line of point sources. Kokate, purohit, gokhlae 2007, 37th edition, nirali prakashan, new. Single layered cells or tissues the area of which may be traced under suitable magnification and actual area calculated 3.
Lycopodium spore method, stomatal number, stomatal index. Germination of spores of the lycopodiaceae in axenic culture dean p. It is an important analytical technique for powder drugs, especially when chemical and another method of evaluation of crude drugs fail as an accurate measure of quality. Experimental pharmacognosy and phytochemistry studera press. Lycopodium spores are obtained from club moss, lycopodium clavatum linn. May 01, 1976 the analysis methods 181 were improved and included the determination of dye concentrations in the elutant by fluorometer. Study of quantitative microscopic methods leaf constants and lycopodium spore method. They later successfully repeated the test using lycopodium spores over a distance of some 12 km. Based on alphabetical, morphological, pharmacological, chemical, taxonomical and chemotaxonomic methods. Lycopodium from greek lukos, wolf and podion, diminutive of pous, foot is a genus of clubmosses, also known as ground pines or creeping cedars, in the family lycopodiaceae. The powder was traditionally used in physics experiments to demonstrate phenomena such as brownian motion. Lycopodium spore method, stomatal number, stomatal index, palisade ratio, veinislet number, and veintermination number. Pharmacognosists focus on systemic pharmacognosy based on macro and. Spores from four species of huperzia, three species of lycopodiella, and three species of lycopodium were germinated in axenic culture.
Lycopodium spore method of evaluation quantitative. Tabulate your answer plant scientific name common name alkaloid present and type of alkaloid uses pomegranate punica granatum granada, pomegranate pelletierine, pseudopelletieri ne, and nmethylpelleti erine type. Evaluation by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry i practical amrita. Its always good to be knowledgeable about the chosen stream chain. A powdered drug is evaluated by this technique, if it contains. There are several varieties of lycopodium whose spores are sometimes collected with those of l. Jan 02, 2016 quantitative microscopy lycopodium spore method. From the foregoing observation on the pharmacognosy of root, stem and leaf of b.
Black ceramic spheres as marker grains for microfossil. Pharmacodynamicsmechanism of drug action, receptors, classification and drug receptors interaction, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry i practical amrita vishwa. Concentrations also decreased rapidly downwind but, with no background of spores, numbers remained greater within than above the crop further from the source than for e. Thus, the authors have designed this book to cover all important and necessary information of experimentations in pharmacognosy and phytochemistry. Most plant alkaloids are derivatives of tertiary amines, while others contain primary, secondary, or quaternary nitrogen. When mixed with air, the spores are highly flammable because of their high fat content and their large surface area per unit of volume a single spore s diameter is about 33 micrometers. The subject involves the fundamentals of pharmacognosy like scope. Demonstration by teacher and practical performance by student. Hilly pastures and heaths in central and northern europe, russian asia, and north america. This book will provide readers with a concise overview of extraction, isolation, purification, qualitative and quantitative estimation methods of different natural drugs of classes like glycoside. Pharmacognosy and phytochemistry i practical is a course offered in the fourth semester of b.
Significance of pharmacognosy in various systems of medicine practiced in india viz. Write a note on novel medicinal agents from marine source. Whittier department of biology, vanderbilt university, nashville, tn 37235 abstract. Detailed pharmacognostical studies on berberis aristata dc plant. Curriculum pharmacognosy and phytochemistryi practical b. The spores of lycopodium are minute ranging in diameter from 0. Pdf a better understanding of pharmacological activities. Methods of investigationof biosynthetic pathways, tracer techniques andautoradiography. Validated modified lycopodium spore method development for. Phcog 518 pharmacognosy laboratory ii 12 20 80 total 80 320 3rd and 4 th semester.
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